Two Shining Souls by Cracraft James

Author:Cracraft, James.
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Lexington Books, a division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Notes

1. On Tolstoy’s supposed ambiguity about violence and war, see Sampson, Tolstoy: Discovery of Peace; and Andrew Wachtel, “‘The Moral Equivalent of War’: Violence in the Later Fiction of Leo Tolstoy,” in Joan Delaney Grossman and Ruth Rischin, William James in Russian Culture (Oxford, UK and New York: Lexington Books, 2003), pp. 81–92. Louise and Aylmer Maude’s unabridged translation of War and Peace, still in print from Oxford University Press, remains the most useful English edition of Tolstoy’s huge masterpiece; more readable today, perhaps, is the new, also complete translation by Pevear and Volokhonsky.

2. Tolstoy, Bethink Yourselves: A Letter on the Russian–Japanese War (Chicago: Hammersmith Publishing, 1904), pp. 5, 6, 9, 11, 50: Russian original, dated 8 May 1904, in Tolstoy, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 36, pp. 100–48; see further Simmons, Tolstoy, vol. 2, pp. 356–59. For the Russo–Japanese War as the military prelude to World War I, see Brose, The Great War, pp. 13–15, and Howard, “Men against Fire,” pp. 52–57. Tolstoy’s conflicted relations with the Russian church (many ordinary clergy, as distinct from the politically compromised hierarchy, sympathized with his views), are discussed in Kolstø, “Demonized Double.”

3. Tolstoy, What I Believe, trans. Maude, ch. 6; and further, Tolstoy, Kingdom of God, trans. Garnett, chs. 6, 7.

4. Gandhi, Gandhi, pp. 67, 139–40, 143, 147, 149–52; see also the website of the Gandhi Museum, Mumbai, India, at www.gandhi-manibhavan.org/Tolstoy.

5. On the United States descent into the Spanish-American War, see, in well-documented detail, Thomas, The War Lovers; and on the takeover of the Philippines, Harris, God’s Arbiters.

6. Flanagan, America Reformed, pp. 200–17; Davis, American Heroine, pp. 139–49. Six of Addams’s anti-war speeches of 1899–1904 are reprinted in Addams, Writings on Peace, ed. Fischer and Whipps, vol. 4, pp. 1–37. On Addams’s growing involvement in foreign affairs and blossoming pacifism, see further Farrell, Beloved Lady, chs. 7–9, and Linn, Addams Biography, chs. 14–17.

7. Addams, Newer Ideals of Peace, ed. Carroll and Clifton, p. 16, quoting James, Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 319. On the question of who originated the phrase, and concept, of “a moral equivalent of war,” see the introduction to Newer Ideals by Carroll and Clifton, pp. xxvi–xxxiii; also Richardson, William James, pp. 383–84, 515, and Myers, William James, pp. 441–45. For more on James’s active hostility to war, see Thomas, War Lovers, pp. 77, 85, 167, 249–53, 289–90, 347–82, 386–87, 397–99.

8. See Dawson, “Preventing ‘a Great Moral Evil,’” which refers to Bloch’s most important work in English, The Future of War in Its Technical, Economic, and Political Relations: Is War Now Impossible? translated by R. C. Long with a prefatory interview by W. T. Stead, the British journalist and Tolstoyan pacifist cited in chapters 1 and 2 (New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1899; though it summarizes Bloch’s argument, this is only the last of the original six volumes published in Russian in 1898 and quickly followed by complete French and German editions); and further, Howard, “Men against War.” For William James’s reception of Addams’s Newer Ideals of Peace, see Davis, American Heroine, p.

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